Created, in the Image.

Chapter breakdown

Introduction

Punctuated Equilibrium

The evolution, structure and aims of this book

This sets out the purposes, themes and organisation of the book and explains its genesis.

Part I - The Image as Structure - The Clinical Evidence

Chapter One.

Worlds of Meaning.

One Psyche's route to an integrated reality

This presents some of my personal history as a fragmented schizoid individual, and extracts from the imaginal worlds that were my psyche's solution to the problem of survival. It treats this as the clinical material of a case study and details the therapeutic impact of the various theories of endopsychic structure and part selves that I encountered during my training as a psychotherapist. The theories included are Transactional Analysis, Psychosynthesis Sub-personality theory, Jung's ideas of Architypes and Complexes, Freud's Id, Ego and Superego, and the Fairbairn/Guntrip Libidinal, Anti-libidinal and Regressed Ego formulation. By describing my personal process of intrapsychic maintenance and healing I lay the foundation for the major themes of the book and provide a reserve of comparative illustrative material to draw on in future chapters. I take a critical look at the methods of working with imagery and part selves that formed the basis of my training and so influenced my internal process. This clarifies the development and nature of my own technique, of which I give an outline, leading into -

Chapter Two.

Trial and Error

Psychodynamic surgery in action, an early case

A case study which describes in detail work completed in 20 sessions with one of my first clients. I show more fully the methods I use in action, and my early errors serve to demonstrate the integrity of the imaginal world, its language and style of operation. Full transcripts of the image work are appended.

Chapter Three.

Image and Referent

Schizoid splitting and developmental issues

This chapter puts forward the evidence for the image as a symbol referring to a specific endopsychic structure, just as a unit of verbal language such as a noun phrase contains symbols with specific referents. Firstly this will be by means of a comparative analysis of two dreams, one that Fairbairn considered seminal in the formation of his theory, the other produced and worked on by one of my later clients through which the full Fairbairn/Guntrip theoretical position is correlated with the operations of the imaginal world. Further clinical material from this client and others clarifies developmental issues in terms of schizoid splitting as revealed imaginally. A client, now a qualified counsellor, who also made use of imaginal worlds into adulthood, has provided personal material as a corroborative example of this type of syndrome. Transcripts of the image work cited are appended.

Chapter Four.

Shadow or Substance

The Anti-libidinal - what?

This is concerned specifically with the anti-libidinal as evidenced in the imagery and related life histories of several clients from the womb to adulthood. Comparative material is included. Finally, I address some evidence for the physical nature of the connection between symbol and referent in the imaginal language. Again transcripts are appended.

Part I makes the case for the value of applying the more exact and systematic approach of the scientist to the understanding of the imaginal through clinical evidence.

Part II. The Image as Artifact - The Cultural Evidence

Chapter Five.

Back to Basics

The templates patterning human creativity

This brings forward evidence to show that the patterns and consequences of schizoid splitting are pervasively visible in the products of the human psyche and in its attempts to give meaning to its world. Examples are drawn from the existential philosophers, and from popular culture including a short analysis of the plot of 'Star Wars'. This is the lead into the two full length analyses of the imaginal legacy of two seriously fragmented psyches.

Chapter Six

Trials and Tribulation - Judge Daniel Paul Schreber

Images from a Psyche that didn't make it

This analysis contrasts Freud's original views with the deeper more extensive information that the application of Object Relations Theory produces, the greater accuracy of which can be verified against the known early history of the Judge. The chapter ends with factual information about Schreber's life of significance for Chapter Eight.

Chapter Seven.

Mystic and Pragmatist - Carl Jung

Images from a self-healed success story

A late work of Jung, 'Answer to Job', is analysed as if it were a dream by means of the information from 'Memories, Dreams, Reflections' used as if it was clinical material from therapeutic work on the dream.

By this use of comparable imaginal material founded on the same religious imagery some independent verification for the ideas put forward in Part I is procured and some independent evidence relating to the theory put forward in Part III.

Part III - The Image as Nature intended - The Comparative Evidence

Chapter Eight.

Topsy-Turvy

The Bowlby Question

This briefly introduces the ethological paradigm of John Bowlby and relates this to the evidence gathered together in Parts I and II by means of the question concerning evolutionary advantage. I include a short critique of the ideas of the genetic causation of psychopathology from the same evidence. I put forward my own hypothesis concerning permanently impressed behaviour patterns as the basis for part-self structures and include some information from more recent primate studies.

Chapter Nine.

The Infant's Ascent

A Psychodynamic solution to the Problem of Human Evolution

Having re-defined schizoid 'splitting' as multiple impressed behaviour patterns, and separated the anti-libidinal capability from the behaviours/part-egos it facilitates, in this chapter I look at the evolution of the psyche of the genus Homo, both from an external viewpoint and from an intra-psychic perspective. External survival constraints, pressing most heavily on the infant, favoured the development of the anti-libidinal impulse which then became part of a feed-back loop promoting brain/mind expansion. I discuss basic Darwinian issues - survival strategies, aggression, sex, mate selection - and matters of innovation and creativity - food management, tool use, fire control, shelter, clothing, social structures, etc - all in psychodynamic terms, in harmony with current knowledge in paleoanthropology and drawing on findings from foetal and infant observation, primatology, etc. I put forward a new suggestion as to the evolutionary 'why' of verbal language, for which the effectiveness of the talking cure is a major piece of evidence.

'To sum up, I believe that Man the Hunter and Woman the Gatherer were preceded by Infant the Prodigy. Mental life immediately after, and even before, birth was a vital factor in the survival of our species. More conscious imaginal thinking, drawing on a vastly expanded information storage capacity, holding all experienced behaviour patterns and signals, made us sapient. Anti-libidinal control transformed the ape into a humane being.' (Chapter Nine, p.379)

Chapter Ten.

Conclusions and Consequences

The impossible will take a little longer

In this Chapter I take my hypotheses to their final conclusions. I suggest possible lines of further research and observation. I indicate some implications for the practice of psychotherapy and sketch a couple of futuristic scenarios which might allow people to draw benefit rather than aggravation from our collective biological heritage. Following current terminology I call these 'Infancy in the Community' and 'Imprisonment in the Community'.

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